Posts in phenomenaofgrowth
Phenomena of Growth - with the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, August 2021


Live Hybrid Concert from August 2021

Join Multiverse Concert Series for a unique STEAM evening of music and science inspired by the fractal patterns of nature—as revealed by the MIT Fluids Lab. The spontaneous growth of patterns happens throughout nature: from the fractal branches of fluids and river beds, to the living structures of our own lungs and blood vessels. Over the course of the evening, we will explore how nature gives rise to our complex world through mini-lectures by Irmgard Bischofberger of the MIT Fluids Lab, interwoven with live electrosymphonic music by composers David Ibbett and Ryan Gillett, and visual art by Marlena Bocian-Hewitt.

In addition—enthusiastic scientists at home will have the opportunity to create their own fractal patterns with household supplies! A list of supplies will be sent prior to the show.


SCIENCE: Irmgard Bischofberger, Qing Zhang MIT Fluids Lab
COMPOSER: David Ibbett, Ryan Gillett
MUSIC: Beth Sterling, Soprano, Minjin Chung, Cello
ART: Marlena Bocian-Hewitt.

Fluid Dynamics Fashion - by Natasha Audéon
 
 

I'm Natasha Audéon, a student fashion designer based in Cambridge, UK. I’m proud to share this skirt I made for the Multiverse project, inspired by the fluid dynamics research of Dr. Irmgard Bischofberger, modeled by graduate student Qing Zhang.

I was inspired by the images captured by the MIT Fluids Lab, especially one of a branching growth, which was later printed onto the fabric. 1950’s dresses also inspired me for the skirts' shape.

To make the skirt, I first had to print the fabric with the image of the branching growth I mentioned earlier. Once the printed fabric arrived, I cut it in half and sewed two of the ends together again. Then, I pleated the entire thing down to fit Qing’s waist size. The final thing to do was sew the zipper to join the other two sides and hem the bottom of the skirt to stop the edge of the fabric from unraveling. After a day or so at my sewing machine, the skirt could be sent to the US (which was a slightly chaotic process, but it got there in the end). 

 
 

I'd love to do more projects - perhaps another skirt in a different style, or a tie, headband, or similar accessories - maybe even a printed bag? It was really fun to make this skirt and I'm glad it turned out well!

Phenomena of Growth: Movements, Poem by Ellen Rogers

An abridged version of Movements was commissioned by Multiverse for the Phenomena of Growth Concert, 8/19/21. Movements was originally published in Ecotone

 
 

1. ADAGIO

The first lesson asks me to hold the cello well. To prop its top against my ribs beneath my breast and atop my breath. Knees I’ve scraped since I learned to walk should not knock or pinch or scrape against the cello’s hips. Instead the knees should steady the cello like two hands on your shoulders at graduation, two hands that have touched more than you have.

My teacher says I will feel the ghost of the scroll—that tidal wave where strings tighten and get right, pull of the ocean at peak—at the nape of my neck. Like your mother brushing fine hairs escaping your ponytail.

I am to practice holding the cello well without my arms. I am to extend my arms and wave them as if I am treading generous water.

I am to feel the way my back becomes a part of my front. Like the sides of me, neighbors, reach over the fence offering sugar or hyacinth bulbs. Or even cross the fence to clean up downed twigs and strewn blooms from the cherry tree straddling our property line.

My cello does not have legs. This is one difference between my cello’s body and mine. We are both forms, but I can move myself. I can imagine us moving together. And unless my feet trust the ground for two, the cello’s wobbly mahogany body will topple. Rooted, our bodies will lean together, travel in the air like branches in the wind.

This is the way I hope long love will feel. That in however many years I have left, my legs that have run will stay, stay and help my body say what it imagines.

Neuroscientist Daniel Wolpert posits that our brains exist solely to control movement. He says that psychologists miss the mark when they study love, memory, or fear without thinking about the brain’s first and foremost goal: to move our bodies in the right ways to survive long enough to reproduce our genetic material. These are elaborate byproducts: ornamental gardens, poetry, cello concertos.

I listen to Jacqueline du Pré play Edward Elgar’s “Cello Concerto in E Minor.” Du Pré plays like she holds in her body every tide and flood, every phase of the moon, every hung cloud and churning storm, every cherry blossom and its fruit.

I don’t know another way to say this.

Her husband says music poured out of her, as though from a source of nature.

II. LENTO

Sometimes I squeeze the cello’s neck too hard. I don’t notice that my left thumb aches until my teacher calls attention to its strain. Imagine your thumb rests on a grape and you don’t want to pop the grape, my teacher says. I don’t pop the grape.

Make your arm a bird wing, she says.

In my mind, I see a crow above the cedars riding thermals, gliding high and higher. I see the crow flap. I imagine I am a crow, and I draw the bow out and in again. My arms are wings and that is right.

Some students, she tells me, think they need to know the exact name of the muscle to engage. They want technical direction. But for me, learning the cello requires magical thinking. I’m happy to rely on my teacher’s directions to become a bird, to keep a grape safe.

I tell my writing students that poets have the power to say something is something else. To transform and equate the world. This sentence: I am a poet. Voila. This sentence: My arm is a bird wing.

I imagine poets stitching the world together. Long silver threads of text. Lines prompting reading, dreaming minds not to see every thing by itself and separate, but to see the seams often unseen in the dark expanses across space and time.

This is, perhaps, a kind of sorcery. A power not to wield, but to hold. To practice holding.

In his mind, an amateur golfer played the course he knew best. He played each hole, each stroke every day as a prisoner of war. Amateur doesn’t matter. Here’s what matters: Four walls and a ceiling to keep fear close. Four walls and no windows to see out. Four walls and his captured body. He picked out each club and scored higher than he had in real life. He felt the wind with a licked finger.

When I say he felt the wind, I mean wind blew against his weather vane finger, against a band of sweat at his cap’s rim, the cap he wore in his head, not on it.

Here’s what matters: he got to go home. Five years of four walls later, he held a real golf club again and the real course rolled out before him. You might imagine his body would have forgotten how to hold the clubs, how to aim. In this first real game after all his dreamed games, he scored higher than he ever had before. Not higher than he had ever imagined.

III. ADAGIO

Or maybe it was seven years. And maybe it was that he scored a hole in one with his first shot. Accounts vary. In fact, no records confirm any Major Nesmeth in North Vietnam, an amateur golfer locked away as a POW. No authoritative source verifies this story.

There may not have been a golfer, no higher score. Does this matter?

When sports psychologists tell us this story, I imagine they mean we have control over our success. We just need to visualize our bodies moving right.

Our minds imagine our wishes into our muscles. Do we clench this story in our hands?

When my brother and I lived together as adults, we went to the mountains each year for his birthday. One year, the sun warded off all clouds with its low autumn sweep. We could see peaks and valleys cradling us. The Cascades that breathe ocean matched the blue-green Sound. A dry, rusted valley unfolded to the east. Years ago, we crossed the whole range to get to this home.

On his next birthday, we walked the same trail but couldn’t see any peaks at all, not even the peak we aimed to crest. Wind wiped and wiped at infinite fog. Clouds clung to us, dampening us. Koma Kulshan, the great watcher, should have been right in front of us.

We wandered without a long view, without landmarks.

Researchers in the Soviet Union, in the mid-1970s, asked a group of five-year-olds to stand still in a room with four walls for as long as possible. They did not stay still for very long.

Then the researchers asked another group of five-year-olds to stand still in the same room for as long as possible while guarding an important object from invaders.

There were no invaders. There was no object. But these five-year-olds stayed still longer.

My brother and I are used to seeing something one day and not seeing it the next. Sometimes we are sure there is no object. Something awry in our minds’ chemistry, an inheritance that makes us more vulnerable to hopelessness, can make us forget that a mountain watches over the bowl of land in which we dwell, all the way to the blue well of the bay. Can make us forget we watch over this bay too. Something can make us blue and listless. Some people face hardship and imagine themselves moving beyond it. My brother and I can’t always imagine that. Sometimes the rain obscures. Our minds say, Stop, and mean, You are not a bird. You are not a cellist. You are not an artist. You are not a poet. Turn back.

IV. ALLEGRO

Sometimes my hand clutches the bow like a crow’s clawed foot clutches dinner. This is not right. My teacher holds her hand over my bow hand, like when you are awake late drinking wine in your kitchen with an old friend, and you hear yourself tell her about your year and you hear how hard it has been. Your old friend reaches across and puts her hand on yours, and you feel yours release. You stop bracing yourself against that shaky table.

At twenty-eight, a year younger than I am now, du Pré could no longer feel the weight of her bow. She could not hold her cello well.

When the doctors told du Pré, You have multiple sclerosis, I imagine they meant, Your body will attack its own nerves. Your nerves will scar and falter and mute. Your position sense will diminish. Imagined motion in your mind will no longer speak to your body.

What they meant was, You will not imagine movement into music. What they meant was, You cannot be a cellist.

The mind and the body do not always match.

I am learning how to move my left hand over the unmarked landscape of strings. I press lightly, low on the neck of the D string, and pluck the half-string harmonic. I move the same shape of my hand to first position on the A string and pluck the same tone.

Rather, I hope to match the tone. I miss and miss the mark on that rise. There is no mark.

Then one night, my hand drifts right from low to high on the first try. I trust my arm and resound the note again and again, amazed that my body remembers where to place my hands. Like when your hands know where to move over the landscape of a longtime love’s body, even with eyes closed, even in the dark.

When I pull my bow across strings, I slide my whole body along like a typewriter carriage as if I want the cello and me to feel the same things. I am to let the bow float out into the generous sky, away.

Something born from and beyond the body survives us.

When I watch clips of du Pré, my motor neurons prime. I study her bowing arm and my arm lifts as if I am a marionette strung to a flock of birds, as if I am strung to her. I breathe when she breathes. My body tries to match her body.

All day du Pré plays Elgar in my mind. She still moves me.

Seven years after her diagnosis, du Pré said, The music is still alive in my head. I imagine she did not mean, I am no longer a cellist. I imagine she meant, What I imagine remains.

From my open string, a long tone sounds. When I say a long tone sounds, I mean imperceptible molecules move to touch. I mean to say these silver strings bind everything together. I mean to say these unbound waves resound old tones bowed by those before us. Their meeting makes them known as this note.

Dendritic

Dendritic

What happens when two scientists, a composer,
a cellist and a planetarium animator
make art?

 
 

Composed and animated for Multiverse: Hidden Worlds, Charles Hayden Planetarium,
Boston Museum of Science. Score dedicated to the Museum and James Wetzel.

We’re dedicating this video version to the National Girls Collaborative -
a program that brings together organizations committed to informing and encouraging girls to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).

If you enjoyed the project, do consider supporting their work!


 

Making of: The Science
from Irmgard Bischofberger

Our lab at MIT investigates the spontaneous formation of patterns in nature. Such patterns can result from fluid instabilities - from evaporation as a solvent dries out of a suspension of particles, or from the aggregation of ‘sticky’ particles into a gel network.

Irmgard_Bishchofberger_13.gif

My graduate student Qing Zhang studies transitions from one type of growth, called dense-branching growth, to another type, called dendritic growth, in the viscous fingering instability. This instability occurs when a less-viscous fluid displaces a more-viscous one (like water pushing into oil) in a confined environment (two glass plates separated by a small gap; in our experiments).

This instability typically leads to finger-like structures that split repeatedly as they grow, resulting in a highly ramified pattern (dense-branching growth). If, however, the system in which these instabilities grow is directionally dependent, i.e. anisotropic, the branching gets suppressed and the pattern grows to become more regular and ordered (dendritic growth).

We can introduce anisotropy in several ways. The movie behind our video uses an intrinsically anisotropic fluid: a liquid crystal. Liquid crystals are rod-like molecules that can align with each other under flow. Due to the alignment, the liquid crystal flows more easily in the direction of the alignment compared to the direction perpendicular to it.

This anisotropy allows for dendritic growth.

These two types of patterns are ubiquitous in nature. Branching patterns are found in trees or human lungs. Dendritic structures are known to all children who are fascinated by snowflakes. Therefore, these fluid instabilities are ideal model systems to study the mechanisms and fundamental characteristics of patterns that surround us.

As scientists we are driven by the desire to reveal the origins of the spontaneous structure selection, but also by the natural beauty of these patterns. We are enraptured by David’s work, which so perfectly captures the subtle interplay between randomness and symmetry.


Making of: The Music
from David Ibbett

It’s been a joy learning about the science of fluid dynamics from Irmgard and Qing. Although we’ve collaborated before, but this is the first time we’ve attempted to directly translate these incredible, spontaneous patterns into sound and music.

After receiving many videos from the lab, I had the honour of choosing one as the basis for the piece:

Dendritic Instability 18wt T23C b=25um 1cst 0.4ml-mi

Dendritic Instability 18wt T23C b=25um 1cst 0.4ml-mi


Sonification = data -> sound

Sonification is a wonderful tool for illuminating science, and the method needs to be carefully chosen to highlight the most meaningful aspects of the research. In this case, we needed an approach that would react keenly to the tree-like dendritic branches and sub-branches.

Working with Qing, we used Matlab to generate evenly-spaced points around the border of a single frame.


graph

We then measured the distance of each point from the centre of the image to essentially ‘unfold’ the pattern into a single rising and falling waveform -


Sonification

The final step: translating this waveform into music!

Drawing gradually through the graph (and therefore clockwise around the image), allowed us to play through the waveform in the manner of a melody.

The Y values were mapped to musical notes within audible range, rounded to the scale of F natural minor (my choice).

The final ‘dendritic melody’ then makes its way into the composition as a pulsing synthesizer melody:

Of course, it sounds even better when you hear it synched with the moving image!

Here’s the full passage:

 
 

We were pleased with the way that the two generations of dendritic branches are clearly audible as the extension line moves from peak to trough.

Those versed in music notation will notice the unusual phrase lengths - 4/4, 5/4, 4/4, 5/8, 4/4, 4/4. These are drawn directly from the proportions of the first order branches, with the larger gap caused by one dendritic branch failing the germinate in the pattern.

Nature is, of course, a balance between order and chaos.


Jesse Christeson, cello

Jesse Christeson, cello

Finally, I took this unique time structure as the basis for a lyrical cello melody, which became the emotional core of the piece. I’m proud we can dedicate this video version to National Girls Collaborative. Perhaps my daughter, Eleanor Jane 3/14/20, will be a scientist.

- David Ibbett, 2020


If you enjoyed this collaborative project,
do consider supporting our fundraiser!

 
Dendritic - Full Score.jpg
 
Phenomena of Growth

Phenomena of Growth

Originally presented by Music of Reality, now an ongoing Multiverse project

Phenomena of Growth is an ongoing collaboration with Dr. Irmgard Bischofberger of the MIT Fluids Lab to explore and to celebrate the beauty of pattern formation in the inorganic world through music and visual art.

 
Irmgard Bischofberger, MIT

Irmgard Bischofberger, MIT

The spontaneous emergence of patterns happens throughout nature, and leads to the emergence of extraordinary beauty. Patterns can form whenever there is instability in a system - solid or liquid - but understanding the process remains very challenging, and progress relies strongly on innovative experiments.
 
Viscous+Fingering+Instability.png

Irmgard and her group explore the underlying mechanisms governing pattern formation.


They investigate soft matter systems (liquids, foams, gels, granular materials, liquid crystals, or other biological materials) - exploring the relationship between a material's structure and its mechanical properties.


This ultimately leads to the creation of new materials that can be 'tuned' - altering their properties as we need them to for a host of applications.



 


Phenomena of Growth (2017) – David Ibbett

Growth happens all around us, and yet for the most part, is imperceptible – invisible to the naked eye. Growth can be shown to follow natural laws, and yet a single disturbance – a particle of dust or fluctuation of the air – can have profound and unpredictable consequences.

This last point has been on my mind this past year, with the birth of my son Lawrence in August. He was born one month early, and we had a host of scares throughout the pregnancy. All turned out to be benign, but at each step along the way, my wife and I wondered if this would be the disturbance that led us down a dark path - an evolving mixture of joy and fears.

Growth happens all around us, and yet, it takes a special approach to reveal its secrets to the naked eye. This is the gift of Dr. Bischofberger’s research, and has inspired me to compose ‘The Phenomena of Growth’, for piano and electronics – a piece that contemplates both the physical processes of growth, and the joy, fear, stress and excitement that growth contributes to our own lives.

The electronic sounds are made from sampled pianos, the Massive subtractive synthesizer, a drum loop in 6/8 time, and recordings of fetal heart beats taken over the past year.

- David Ibbett


Ondes Croisées (1975) – Bernard Parmegiani

Acousmatic music is a unique art form: music composed specifically to be listened to on loudspeakers in a specially designed environment, often in surround sound. Free from the limitations of the human body, these pieces are able to explore the textures of the most subtle sounds with a startling range of emotions – from playful to stark, comical to dramatic – immersing the listener in strange new invisible worlds of sound.

Composed in 1975, De Natura Sonorum is a collection of acousmatic pieces inspired by physical phenomena - from geology, to elasticity, wave, and field dynamics. Ondes Croisées, ‘Crossed Waves’, presents two streams of droplet-like sounds bouncing playfully in dialogue, while a river of particles grows steadily in the background. We chose this piece as an introduction to Irmgard’s work on splashing in liquids and the surrounding airflow. Though each sound droplet itself is an unpredictable event – on the large scale, the piece’s expansion does follow a steady, logical pattern – waiting to be unraveled by the dedicated observer.